Remote Sensing for Identifying Rooftop Farming and Gardening Potentials in Jakarta, Indonesia

.title[
# Remote Sensing for Identifying Rooftop Farming and Gardening Potentials in Jakarta, Indonesia
]
.author[
### Sheng Hu, Zhaowei Cui, Lunan Wei, Mengyu Ding
]
.institute[
### CASA, UCL
]
.date[
### 2024/02/04 (updated: 2024-03-19)
]

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# Location

### Jakarta, Indonesia

* Jakarta is the nation's **capital city** and the centre of the **largest metropolis** of Indonesia.

* Jakarta covers **661.23 sq.km.** and has a population of **10,679,951** as of mid-2022.

* Jakarta is the **economic**, **cultural**, and **political centre** of Indonesia.

---

# Problem Definition

#### Severity：

Jakarta was again ranked **the most polluted city** in the world by Swiss technology company IQAir.

In early 2023, air pollution potentially caused more than **10,000** deaths, more than **5,000** hospitalizations for cardio-respiratory diseases, and more than **7,000** adverse health outcomes in children each year in Jakarta. The total economic burden attributable to air pollution was estimated to be US$ **2.9** billion.

]

.pull-right[
  <img src="images/JakartaAQL.jpg"
  height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>

]

#### Increase in area:

Previous research shows the area of UHI, in Jakarta in 1989 reached **84.53 sq.km.** or **0.1 %** of the total area. The areas of UHI Jakarta were **36.5%**, **84.7%**, and **85.2%** of the total areas respectively in 2008, 2013 and 2018.

#### Increase in temperature:

The results show that the SUHI intensity is approximately **3°C–6°C** and AUHI is approximately **1°C–2.5 °C**.

]
.pull-right[
  <img src="images/heat.jpg"
  width="500px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>

<div style="font-size: 14px;"> 
  Source: <a
  href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-distribution-of-surface-temperature-of-Jakarta-in-year-2001-and-2014_fig4_301317835"
  style="color: #7910FF;">Map of distribution of surface temperature of Jakarta in year 2001 and 2014   </a> 
  
  </div>

]

**3.48 %** of Jakarta’s residents – over **312,180** people – fall below the poverty line. **High food prices** and **inadequate distribution** systems cause **low-income communities** have limited access to nutritious food.

#### Supply:

Jakarta experiences a **agricultural land reduction**.

Flood happened recently in **1996**, **1999**, **2007**, **2013**, and **2020**. These special events poses challenges to the city's food supply.
]

.pull-right[
  <img src="images/food.jpg"
  width="500px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>

<div style="font-size: 14px;"> 
  Source: <a
  href="https://www.plantagbiosciences.org/people/rob-o-hagan/2017/08/29/the-state-of-food-security-in-indonesia-and-west-java/"
  style="color: #7910FF;">The Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Indonesia (FSVA) 2015 </a> 
  
  </div>

]

---

# Objective:
# Symbiotic coexistence of built environment and nature

---

# SDG Alignment

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<div class="three-cols">
  <div>
    
    <img src="images/SDG_image/SDGimage2.jpeg" alt="Image description" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;">
    <p>ZERO HUNGER (SDG 2)</p>
    End hunger and ensure year-round access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food</p>
  </div>
  <div>
    
    <img src="images/SDG_image/SDGimage13.jpeg" alt="Image description" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;">
    <p>Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13)</p>
    improvement Air quality</p>
  </div>
  <div>
    
    <img src="images/SDG_image/SDGimage15.jpeg" alt="Image description" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;">
    <p>Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15)</p>
    Green space creation and/or management</p>
  </div>
</div>

<div style="font-size: 14px;"> 
  <p>Source: <a href="https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/"
  style="color: #7910FF;"> The Global Goals </a> 
  
</div>

---

# Case Study / Global North

.pull-left[
  <img src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6063c397ece4057779563706/a93311a6-47ac-4d51-b121-4e8ce7dc26ad/DSC01942+%281%29.JPG?format=1500w"
  height="270px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
  
  <div style="font-size: 14px;"> 
  Vice Media’s 15,000sf green roof by Brooklyn Grange. Source: <a
  href="https://www.brooklyngrangefarm.com/commercial/vice-media"
  style="color: #7910FF;">Brooklyn Grange</a> 
  
  </div>
]

.pull-right[
  
  * Policy Instruments: Tax Abatement Eligibility (PTA3).
  
  
  * Legislation: Local Law 92 of 2019 and Local Law 94 of 2019: Green and Solar Roof Requirements for New Buildings and Complete Roof Replacements. Source: <a
  href="https://www.nyc.gov/assets/buildings/pdf/green_roof_solar_ll92-n-94of2019_sn.pdf"
  style="color: #7910FF;">New York Buildings</a>
  
  
  * Analysis by Tong et al. (2016) indicates a 7% to 33% PM2.5 reduction in the selected neighbourhood in Brooklyn.
  
  
  * City-wide initiative launched by NYC Department of City Planning:<a
  href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/agriculture/faqs/frequently-asked-questions.page"
  style="color: #7910FF;"> Zone Green</a>, estimated to improve urban resilience, improve well-being and quality of life.(Beaupre, 2017)

]

.pull-left[
  <img src="images/MancityCaseStudy.png"
  height="270px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
  
  <div style="font-size: 14px;"> 
  Roof level innovation offers climate resilient vision for Manchester Source: <a
  href="https://www.polypipe.com/news/roof-level-innovation-offers-climate-resilient-vision-manchester"
  style="color: #7910FF;">Originally from Civils & Green Urbanisation, Rooftop Greening in Mancity</a> 
  
  </div>
]

.pull-right[
  * Manchester developed a green roof strategy- Sustainable Cities: Options for Responding to Climate Change Impacts and Outcomes. (<a
  href="https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/mui/cure/research/scorchio/meetings/stakeholders/CS_Selection_process_060509.pdf"
  style="color: #7910FF;">SCORCHIO</a>)
  
  
  * Partnering with Manchester University, the project utilised an Urban Heat Island map to identify city areas susceptible to elevated temperatures exacerbated by climate change. 
  
  
  * Public buildings were selected as pilot projects for green roof retrofitting, focusing on reducing the heat island effect and air pollution. 
  
  <br> 
  <br>

]

.pull-left[
  <img src="images/USACasestudy.png"
  height="270px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
  
  <div style="font-size: 14px;"> 
   Rooftop Gardening in Washington D.C.Source: <a
  href="https://land8.com/washington-d-c-leads-north-americas-10-green-roof-industry-growth-of-2013/"
  style="color: #7910FF;">Originally from Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC), Green Roofs</a> 
  
  </div>
]

.pull-right[
  * Incentive programs, the one launched in Washington D.C., offer financial support to building owners for installing green roofs, providing up to $15 per square foot in certain areas (Rudzinskas, Lutz, & McElhinney, 2017).
  
  
  * These policies aim to lower the upfront costs of green roof installation, making it a more feasible option for improving air quality, reducing air pollution and heat island effect.

]

---

# Prospective Outcomes

* #### Capturing pollutants in the air
* #### Providing shade and evaporative cooling
* #### Enhancing urban food security
* #### Utilizing rainwater
* #### Increasing green spaces 
* #### Attracting community participation.

]

#### Air Quality Improvement

Rooftop gardens can help to improve air quality by capturing airborne pollutants and particulate matter. By filtering pollutants from the air, rooftop gardens contribute to a healthier urban environment, which can indirectly contribute to cooling effects by reducing the formation of smog and haze.

]

#### Improved Food Security and Self-sufficiency

Rooftop agriculture enhances urban food security, reducing reliance on external food supplies. Growing food within the city also reduces food transportation distances, thereby lowering carbon emissions.

#### Sponge city

Rooftop agriculture can improve urban water resource management by collecting and utilizing rainwater, reducing pressure on stormwater runoff and drainage systems.

]

#### Cooling city

Rooftop gardening adds vegetation to otherwise heat-absorbing surfaces, such as rooftops, which helps to reduce the heat island effect by providing shade and evaporative cooling. Plants release water vapor through a process called transpiration. This evaporation process has a cooling effect, similar to sweating in humans.

]

#### Urban Greening

Rooftop agriculture contributes to increasing green spaces in cities, improving the urban environment, enhancing air quality, and providing more leisure areas for city dwellers.

#### Community Engagement and Social Connection

Rooftop agriculture projects often attract community participation, fostering community cooperation and connections, and increasing urban residents' awareness of and involvement in food production.

]

---

# Solution:

# Rooftop Farming and Gardening

---

# Current Policy Stack

* **Strategy for Air Pollution Control** (SPPU)

* **Green open space masterplan at Jakarta Capital City**, Indonesia for climate change mitigation. Jakarta Government Plans to Add **800** Green Open Spaces to Deal with Air Pollution in 2023.

* In 2017, the city of Jakarta initiated a **peri-urban farming program** under its **Urban Agriculture Program** that aimed to achieve sustainable agricultural production, rural economic sustainability and long-term environmental sustainability.

]

]

---

# Case Study / Jarkada

.pull-left[
  <img src="images/Case study_Motivation/casestudy1.jpg"
  height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
  
  
]

#### sigit.kusumawijaya

* A recentpopular development is turning rooftops into dining areas,such as **cafes**, **bars** or **restaurants**.

* The demand comes not only from clients in **Jakarta** but also from other cities, such as **Yogyakarta**, and from **Bali**.

* Driven by a healthy lifestyle, many now also focus on productive plants, such as **water spinach**, **spinach**, **tomatoes**, **chilies** and etc

]

.pull-left[
  <img src="images/Case study_Motivation/casestudy2.webp"
  height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
  
  
]

#### Santri

* The Jakarta Food Security, Marine, and Agriculture (KPKP) Office distributed **hydroponic racks** to facilitate urban farming in several Islamic boarding **schools** under the framework of National Santri Day 2022

* Santri (Islamic boarding school students) can also learn urban farming methods and produce local food products by utilizing the limited land as well as participate in the movement to realize independent food security in Indonesia," she stated.

]

.pull-left[
  <img src="images/Case study_Motivation/casestudy3.jpeg"
  height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
  
 
]

#### Super Indo

* Committed to creating a better environment and community, Super Indo has now successfully opened its **fifth** garden with the most modern concept.

]

---

# Methodology:
# Using Remote Sensing for Identifying Rooftop Farming/Gardening Potentials in Jakarta

---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Value and Data Flow

.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/data_abstract.pdf" download="data_concept.pdf" >
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]

]

]

---

# Methodology Overview
<p align="center">
<img src="images/methodology/methodology_overview.png" height="505px"/>
</p>

.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/methodology_overview.pdf" download="methodology_overview.pdf" >
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]

---

# Model Architecture

.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/ML.pdf" download="ml.pdf" >
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]

---
# Project Data Source 1

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Data Type</td>
    <td>Potential Dataset</td>
    <td>Access</td>
    <td>Resolution</td>
    
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Building Footprint Data</td>
    <td>Google's Open Buildings Dataset, Jakarta Building Records, Crowd-sourced World-wide Building Footprint (See et al., 2022), BIM (Building Information Model) </td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>Google Open Buildings: <0.5m, not up to date; </td>
    
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Urban Temperature</td>
    <td>MODIS, Jakarta’s Historical Temperature Data</td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>MODIS: Daily to Monthly, Bands 1–2: 250 meter. Bands 3–7: 500 meter. Bands 8: 36 – 1000 meter</td>
    
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Weather</td>
    <td>Global Forecast System (GFS), Jakarta Weather Data</td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>GFS: forecast interval every 6 hours, spatial resolution: 28 KM;</td>
    
  </tr>
  
  <tr>
    <td>Air Quality</td>
    <td>Sentinel-5P, Air quality data of Jakarta</td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>Sent 5P: daily, 5.5km x 3.5 km. Other Commercial Remote Sensing Data Air Quality Data. Ground Sensor Data: i.e. AQI (Lead: annual 0.50 μg/m3; PM 2.5: daily 25 μg/m3; PM10: daily 8 μg/m3; SO2: daily 0.02 ppm; NO2: daily 0.12 ppm; etc.),
   
  
  </tr>
</table> 
---
# Project Data Source 2

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Data Type</td>
    <td>Potential Dataset</td>
    <td>Access</td>
    <td>Resolution</td>
  </tr>
 <tr>
    <td>Rainfall</td>
    <td>Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Jakarta ground rainfall records</td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>0.1 millimeters (mm) | per month</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>High resolution Satellite SAR/ Optiacal Imagery</td>
    <td>Landsat 8/9, Sentinel-2/Sentinel-1, and Other Commercial Data</td>
    <td>Open-source and Commercial</td>
    <td>Spatial resolution: 10 to 60m, Temporal: revisit less than 1 day </td>
   
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Other Environment Data</td>
    <td>Wind Speed Data, Humidity, Historical Vegetation Coverage Data, Light Pollution Data etc.</td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>Various resolutions</td>
   
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Existing Land Use Data</td>
    <td>Latest LULC Dataset (Putri, Abadi and Kafafa, 2020)</td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>Published data ranging from 30m to 60m. <br> Temporal: Historical records.</td>
   
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Census Data</td>
    <td>Source: <a
  href="https://energydata.info/dataset/indonesia--population-density-2015"
  style="color: #7910FF;">Jakarta WorldPop Data</a></td>
    <td>Open-source</td>
    <td>Population density per pixel at 100 metre resolution</td>
    
  </tr>
</table>

---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Project Analysis

.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/swot_feasibility.pdf" download="swot_feasibility.pdf" >
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]

]

]

---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Project Planning

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Workpack Breakdown]
<p align="center">
<img src="images/WP_Breakdown.png" height="410px"/>
</p>

.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/pm_all.pdf" download="pm_all.pdf" >
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]

]

]

]

---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Budget Breakdown

.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/budget_all.pdf" download="budget_all.pdf" >
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]

]

]

The **total budget** of the project is **Personnel Budget** + **Other Budget** = **£302,000**

]
]

---

# Prototype Preview

Part of the source data are published [here](https://ee-derekding727.projects.earthengine.app/view/jakartabuidlingandndvilookup) for preview.

</p>

---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Limitations and Risks

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Data Source]
### Potential Issues
* Visual signal might not contribute to the understanding of the physical structure. **Roof load-bearing capacity data** might be difficult to obtain.

### Mitigation 
* Consulting with **civil** and **structural experts**.

* Conducting a **field investigation** to supplement our dataset.

]

.panel[.panel-name[Model]
### Potential Issues
* Our **ensemble model** may be subject to the performance limitations of individual models, impacting the model's **overall performance**.
<br>

### Mitigation
* Provide **model calibration** services on demand.

]

.panel[.panel-name[Ethical/Legal]
### Potential Issues
* **Governance: Local policies (bylaws)** could potentially lead to some areas being **inaccessible for results**.

* **Privacy:** The outcomes may **encroach upon private spaces**, leading to reluctance.
<br>

### Mitigation 
* **Early engagement with stakeholders** involves them in the decision-making process through community workshops, online forums, etc.

* Advocate for an approach that emphasizes community participation.

]

### Potential Issues
* Unforeseen staff turnover.

* Equipment failures.

* Workload fluctuations.

### Mitigation
* Alternative Personnel Reserve list.

* Regular maintenance of equipment.

* Buffer time, Additional plan.

]

---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Contributions

.pull-left[
### Main contributions
* Address the various challenges in Jakarta with a **holistic solution: Rooftop Farming and Gardening**

* Directly target **air quality improvement**

* **Enhance urban climate resilience**

* Indirectly **address potential food insecurity**

* Improvement in **resident satisfaction** and **quality of life**

* **Share insights and data**: Rooftop Index + Open-source our dataset and model

]

.pull-right[
### Other contributions
* Drive **economic growth**
  * **urban regeneration** (develop attractions, building price appreciation, etc)
  
  * potential increase in **job opportunities** and **economic activities**
  
  
* Effectively utilizing **urban spaces**

* Engage with the **Quadruple Helix**

]

---
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  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Outlook

<br>

* Delving deeper into **Rooftop Agriculture**.
  * Fine-grained recognition
  
  * Our Rooftop index + Allocate optimal crops

<br>

* Our method has **high reproducibility** and can be applied to other similar cities.

<br>

* **Rooftop vegetation efficacy monitoring and evaluation**
  * Feedback for continuous urban temperature and air quality improvement.
  
  * Based on feedback, optimizing the model.
  
  
---
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  <img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>

# Reference 1

Ackerman, Kubi and Dahlgren, Eric and Xu, Xiaoqi. (2013). Sustainable urban agriculture: Confirming Viable Scenarios for Production. Report 13-07. Albany, NY: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, pp. 16–17. Available at: https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/-/media/Project/Nyserda/Files/Publications/Research/Environmental/Sustainable-Urban-Agriculture.pdf.

Beaupre, J. (2017). ‘Responding to a Changing Environment: New York City’s Green Efforts to Move Towards a More Sustainable, Resilient Climate Change Model’. McGill University.

Chisense, C. (2012). ‘CLASSIFICATION OF ROOF MATERIALS USING HYPERSPECTRAL DATA’. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XXXIX-B7, pp. 103–107. doi: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B7-103-2012.

NATSCI 397A – EROSS (n.d.) 'Green Roofs: An Analysis on Air Pollution Removal and Policy Implementation', University of Massachusetts Amherst. Available at: https://websites.umass.edu/natsci397a-eross/green-roofs-an-analysis-on-air-pollution-removal-and-policy-implementation/ (Accessed: [the date you accessed the website]).

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# Reference 2

Putri, R. F., Abadi, A. W. and Kafafa, U. (2020). ‘The correlation analysis between urbanization phenomena and landuse change in Jakarta Special Province’. E3S Web of Conferences. Edited by E. Haryono, F. Lavigne, R. Che Omar, B. White, A. Cardenas Tristan, D. Rahmawati Hizbaron, and R. Fitria Putri, 200, p. 05003. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202020005003.

Ramdhoni, S. et al. (2016) Open Green Space Development Priority Based on Distribution of air Temperature Change in Capital City of Indonesia, Jakarta. Procedia environmental sciences. 33204–213.

Rushayati, S. B. et al. (2016) Adaptation Strategy Toward Urban Heat Island at Tropical Urban Area. Procedia environmental sciences. 33221–229.

Salsabila, S., et al. (2023) Cooling as social practice: heat mitigation and the making of communal space in Jakarta's informal settlements https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/171312/2/1-s2.0-S0197397523001844-main.pdf

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# Reference 3

See, L., Georgieva, I., Duerauer, M., Kemper, T., Corbane, C., Maffenini, L., Gallego, J., Pesaresi, M., Sirbu, F., Ahmed, R., Blyshchyk, K., Magori, B., Blyshchyk, V., Melnyk, O., Zadorozhniuk, R., Mandici, M.-T., Su, Y.-F., Rabia, A. H., Pérez-Hoyos, A., Vasylyshyn, R., Pawe, C. K., Bilous, S., Kovalevskyi, S. B., Kovalevskyi, S. S., Bordoloi, K., Bilous, A., Panging, K., Bilous, V., Prestele, R., Sahariah, D., Deka, A., Nath, N., Neves, R., Myroniuk, V., Karner, M. and Fritz, S. (2022). ‘A crowdsourced global data set for validating built-up surface layers’. Scientific Data, 9 (1), p. 13. doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-01105-4.

Setiowati, R. et al. (2018) Green open space masterplan at Jakarta Capital City, Indonesia for climate change mitigation. IOP conference series. Earth and environmental science. 200 (1), 12042-.

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Tassicker, N., Rahnamayiezekavat, P. and Sutrisna, M. (2016). ‘An Insight into the Commercial Viability of Green Roofs in Australia’. Sustainability, 8 (7), p. 603. doi: 10.3390/su8070603.

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# Reference 4

Tong, Z., Whitlow, T. H., Landers, A. and Flanner, B. (2016). ‘A case study of air quality above an urban roof top vegetable farm’. Environmental Pollution, 208, pp. 256–260. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.006.

Triguero-Mas, M. et al. (2020) Quality of Life Benefits of Urban Rooftop Gardening for People With Intellectual Disabilities or Mental Health Disorders. Preventing chronic disease. 17.

Urban Nature Atlas (2023) Urban Farming Practices in South Jakarta https://una.city/nbs/jakarta/urban-farming-practices-south-jakarta

Ulfiasari, S., Yola, L. (2022). How Does Urban Development Contributes to Urban Heat Island: A Decade Increase of Urban Heat Intensity in Jakarta Metropolitan Area. In: Yola, L., Nangkula, U., Ayegbusi, O.G., Awang, M. (eds) Sustainable Architecture and Building Environment. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 161. Springer, Singapore.

Yang, J., Yu, Q. and Gong, P. (2008). ‘Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago’. Atmospheric Environment, 42 (31), pp. 7266–7273. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.003.

Zambrano-Prado, P., Muñoz-Liesa, J., Josa, A., Rieradevall, J., Alamús, R., Gasso-Domingo, S. and Gabarrell, X. (2021). ‘Assessment of the food-water-energy nexus suitability of rooftops. A methodological remote sensing approach in an urban Mediterranean area’. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, p. 103287. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103287.

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