## Presenting CloudSat and Cloud ## Profiling Radar (CPR) #### An Introduction to CPR and CloudSat <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> .left[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#FD6467;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg> [Mengyu Ding](https://github.com/dereksgithub)] <br /> .left[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#FD6467;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M16.1 260.2c-22.6 12.9-20.5 47.3 3.6 57.3L160 376V479.3c0 18.1 14.6 32.7 32.7 32.7c9.7 0 18.9-4.3 25.1-11.8l62-74.3 123.9 51.6c18.9 7.9 40.8-4.5 43.9-24.7l64-416c1.9-12.1-3.4-24.3-13.5-31.2s-23.3-7.5-34-1.4l-448 256zm52.1 25.5L409.7 90.6 190.1 336l1.2 1L68.2 285.7zM403.3 425.4L236.7 355.9 450.8 116.6 403.3 425.4z"/></svg> [mengyu.ding.23@ucl.ac.uk](mengyu.ding.23@ucl.ac.uk)] <br /> .left[<svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 384 512" style="height:1em;width:0.75em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#7294D4;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M215.7 499.2C267 435 384 279.4 384 192C384 86 298 0 192 0S0 86 0 192c0 87.4 117 243 168.3 307.2c12.3 15.3 35.1 15.3 47.4 0zM192 128a64 64 0 1 1 0 128 64 64 0 1 1 0-128z"/></svg>[ Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, UCL](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/casa/)] <a href="https://github.com/dereksgithub" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on GitHub"><svg width="60" height="60" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#fff; color:#151513; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; left: 0; transform: scale(-1, 1);" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path></svg></a><style>.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}@keyframes octocat-wave{0%,100%{transform:rotate(0)}20%,60%{transform:rotate(-25deg)}40%,80%{transform:rotate(10deg)}}@media (max-width:500px){.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:none}.github-corner .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}}</style> --- background-image: url(https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/s3fs-public/imported/activePassive.png?VersionId=LwgT4UZ4_eLF7Gks6AgKU7l___M7IXIh) background-size: contain # Two Categories of Sensors #### CloudSat carries an active sensor, the Could Profiling Radar(CPR). <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> -- #### CPR is an active Remote Sensing radar system operating at 94 GHz, allowing CloudSat to yield high-resolution results. .left[Image credit: [NASA Earthdata](https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/s3fs-public/imported/activePassive.png?VersionId=LwgT4UZ4_eLF7Gks6AgKU7l___M7IXIh)] --- class: center, left ## CloudSat ### Video Introduction <iframe width="600" height="300" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sS3CY5td4RE?si=QUXatqHW3d1MHB47" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> --- ## The Could Profiling Radar ## (CPR) The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) is a downward-looking radar flying aboard the CloudSat satellite used to obtain measurements of Earth's cloud properties from space. The radar was developed to study clouds in detail to better characterize the role they play in regulating Earth's climate by directly surveying the vertical structure and overlap of cloud systems and their liquid- and ice-water contents. CPR provides the best combination of power and sensitivity that will work aboard a small satellite generating its own electricity. CPR's data have improved cloud representations in atmospheric models, as well as the accuracy of weather forecasts and climate predictions made using those models. --- background-image: url(https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/s3fs-public/2023-01/CloudSat_dorian.jpeg?VersionId=_vV1K.rFBfOxo9bcA.Xs99LHsJmGJqe.) background-size: contain background-position: 80% 20% class: center, bottom, inverse # Cloudsat CloudSat image of Tropical Storm Dorian acquired August 27, 2019, near Puerto Rico. CloudSat uses an advanced cloud-profiling radar that provides the ability to see cloud height, cloud layers, and rain bands within a storm system. Credit: [NASA/JPL-Caltech-CloudSat](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cloudsat) --- class: top, middle ## Key Findings <br /> .left[ - With the help of CPR, CloudSat is able to discover the frequency of rain and snow from the clouds that is floating in the sky. - It allowed scientists to know how much ice and water is contained in the clouds - First quantatitive estimate of [global snowfall](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cloudsat) - CloudSat has provided scientists:["a deeper understanding of how pollution, volcanic emissions and other atmospheric 'aerosols' interact with clouds to affect precipitation and cloud lifetime."](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cloudsat) ] --- class: top, middle ## CPR System ## Characteristics #### Band Approval: In the frequency allocation of 94 GHz for cloud radar sensing was approved at the 1997 World Radio Conference. Here are some of the key characters of the system .center[__Nominal Frequency:__ 94 GHz __Pulse Width:__ 3.3 Microsecond __Radar Product Format:__ 4300 Hz __Data Window:__ 0-25 Kilometers __Antenna Size:__ 1.85 Meters __Dynamic Range:__ 70 dB __Data Rate:__ 20 Kilobits per Second] --- ## Mission ### Launch Site, Vehicle and Timing .pull-left[ <br> <br> <br> CloudSat and CALIPSO were launched together from Space Launch Complex 2W at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, on a two-stage Delta 7420-10C launch vehicle with a dual payload attachment fitting (DPAF). <br> <br> <br> On the actual launch date (28 April 2006), launch occurred at 3:02:16.721 AM PDT (10:02:16.721 UTC). <br> ] .pull-right[ <img src="https://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/images/diagram.jpg" width="210" height="350" /> ] --- class: top, left # Reference CloudSat "Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR)." _Earthdata NASA._ https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/sensors/cpr. (Accessed: 2024-02-15) CloudSat _'Instrument.'_ CloudSat Data Processing Center, Colorado State University. Available at: https://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/instrument. (Accessed: 2024-02-15) NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, _'CloudSat'_, NASA. Available at: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/cloudsat (Accessed: 2024-02-15). NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2014), _CloudSat: Looking Inside Clouds_, Available at: https://youtu.be/sS3CY5td4RE (Accessed: 2024-02-15) --- class: center, middle # Thank you!